Notes:

1. Above is a rough temperature guide for cooking meats.   Note that the internal temperature of the meat will continue to rise after it is removed from the heat source, usually by at least +5°F.  The temperatures given are the central internal temperature when the meat should be removed from the heat source. As expected, the USDA Cooking Temperature web site lists higher temperatures for each category and does not acknowledge "rare".  James Beard, whose recommendation I value far more than the government's, lists the same or lower temperatures than the above.
    
2. Concern over disease-causing parasites and bacteria cause many cooks to cook certain predisposed meats to 160°F or higher to insure their safety.   If people in the US would get over their senseless fear of irradiation, this whole issue could go away.  If you are fortunate enough to have access to irradiated meat, you can safely cook it (or not) to any temperature you like.
    
3. The high temperature indicated for ground beef is due to the concern that the intestinal contents of a slaughtered animal, which are very high in E. coli and other bacteria, may have come in contact with the ground meat.  You can cook ground beef safely to lower temperatures by grinding your own hamburger from clean cuts of beef.
    
4. Traditional concern over trichinosis in pork still exist despite the pork industry's efforts to convince us that today's pork is parasite free.  Besides cooking, trichinosis can be destroyed by freezing.  Three weeks at 5°F or one week at -20°F is required.  If you trust the pork industry's assertions, you can cook pork using the same temperatures as for beef, but be prepared that many people will not eat rare or medium pork.  Fortunately, slow-cooked braised pork is among the best meat there is!
    
5. The big fear with poultry is salmonella.  Being relatively small, almost any part of a foul can easily have contacted and thus been contaminated by bacteria in the bird's gut.  Wash poultry well before cooking.  After handling poultry, wash everything which came in contact with it, especially your hands.  Don't forget the faucet handle.
    
6. The popularity of sashimi over the last decade has resulted in every trendy restaurant insisting that tuna must be served raw inside (and often cold).   However, if you are concerned about fish parasites, you may want to cook your fish.   There is no argument that fish, especially tuna, suffers very badly when overcooked.   To keep from falling apart, delicate fish, such as trout, is often cooked whole (dressed) or filleted with the skin left on.  A thermometer may not give an accurate reading on very thin pieces.  Better to watch it closely and test for flaking.  Thicker, firmer fish, such as swordfish or tuna, can be cut into fillets or steaks and a thermometer used to monitor the internal temperature.